Once again many languages and ethnic traditions were found here. South Bethlehem was incorporated as a separate borough in The west side of the Monocacy also grew rapidly in the late s after the Broad Street Bridge was completed and then West Bethlehem was incorporated as a separate borough in It was not until that the three Bethlehems were united into one town. Bethlehem today has six National Register Historic Districts, many historic sites and museums, a very active arts and culture scene and is one of the Best Places to live in the US according Money Magazine.
Along the Monocacy Creek and the Lehigh River, the Moravian community immediately began building their heavy industrial area initially using small log structures for their workshops. Within two years of their arrival in Bethlehem, the Moravians built a saw mill, soap mill, and wash houses; constructed their first grist mill, oil mill, tannery, blacksmith shop and brass foundry.
By , thirty-five 35 crafts, trades and industries were established including a butchery, tawery, clockmaker, tinsmith, nailor, pewterer, hatter, spinning, weaving, cooper, dye house, community bakery, candlemaker, linen bleachery, fulling mill, saddlery, tailor, cobbler, flax processing, wheelwright, carpenter, mason.
As the community developed, they replaced the log buildings with larger limestone buildings. The pottery, tannery, butchery, dye house, smith complex, oil mill, and waterworks were built of stone in the period from the late s through the early s. Some of the early industrial buildings remain. The goal of the Moravians in Bethlehem was to be a self-sufficient community on the colonial frontier in order to provide for themselves and for their missionaries in the field.
With the Industrial Revolution, cheaper mass-produced goods became available and there was a decline in the market for hand-made goods. By the s, other industries were coming to Bethlehem including the forerunner of Bethlehem Steel Corporation which rose to become the second largest steel producer in the United States. Today even with the loss of the Steel, Bethlehem has a very diverse industrial base of technology and industrial parks with two located within the city.
The cave was made the center of a scheme for the church and work began the following year AD. Toward the end of the 4th century, Bethlehem became a very important center of monastic life. In AD St. Jerome arrived from Rome with a group of pilgrims. He came to Bethlehem to continue his work in the atmosphere of monastic life. He devoted himself to the tremendous task with which Pope St. Damasus had entrusted him, namely to review all old Latin translations of the Bible and produce a new version, the Vulgate, based on original Hebrew and Greek texts.
Two Roman ladies of noble origin, St. Paula and her daughter Eustochium moved to Bethlehem in to lead an ascetic life along with St. They founded the earliest monastic community in Bethlehem which has lasted, with some interruption, to this day. Paula used her riches to build a hospice for pilgrims and two monasteries, one for St.
Jerome and his followers, and the other for herself and the nuns. When the Roman empire was divided in into two empires, eastern and western, Palestine was attached to Byzantium, the eastern part. In the following years the life of the Latin-speaking communities of Bethlehem faded from view, eclipsed by the growth and more spectacular austerities of an eastern monasticism.
As a result, the town of Bethlehem prospered and its population increased with the spread of churches, monasteries, and convents in Bethlehem itself, and the surrounding areas.
Under his reign Palestine witnessed a time of prosperity and expansion for its churches and for monasticism.
Afterwards, in , the Samaritans rebelled against the Byzantine state and overran the country, plundering and destroying as they went. Churches and monasteries, towns and villages were all pillaged or gutted by fire.
The walls of Bethlehem and its main church were destroyed. The revolt was soon quelled. At the same time the church was rebuilt in a grand style. The town wall and the defenses of the monasteries were repaired. A few years later the country was invaded by the Persians. According to an oral tradition, they did not cause any damage to the Church of the Nativity because they saw the pictures of the three Magi dressed as Persians, carrying gifts to Christ at his birth.
After the Oslo I Accord — what was meant as a pathway for Palestinian self-determination — was signed by the Israeli government and the Palestine Liberation Organization in , tourism in Bethlehem boomed.
As a political stalemate and expanding Israeli settlements led to the bloody Second Intifada, or uprising, the devastation and Israeli curfews kept tourists away; hotels closed and restaurants went out of business. It took several years for Bethlehem to claw its way back as a tourist destination. Star Street has already been renovated three times in almost two decades. As it makes its way from the Vatican to Jerusalem and then on to Bethlehem, this small piece of history is expected to attract more pilgrims this Christmas season.
This number includes only pilgrimage groups and not individuals, though, so numbers are expected to be much higher. Since , the number has been going up. Also this year, Israeli authorities have banned Christians in the Gaza Strip from entering Bethlehem and other cities in the West Bank during Christmas.
Last year, of the roughly 1, Palestinian Christians were given permits to travel to Bethlehem, Nazareth, and Jerusalem to celebrate Christmas. Today, there are 23 settlements, which take up 8. Some , Israeli settlers — comprising about one-third of the total settler population in the West Bank, according to Khalilieh — live here on hilltops, in houses marked by their red tile roofs.
The municipality of Bethlehem and the Centre for Cultural Heritage Preservation in Bethlehem, in cooperation with the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities and the Ministry of Local Government are working on preparing conservation and management plans for the historic town of Bethlehem. The works are being implanted under the Heritage For Development Project, which is being funded by the European Commission, are expected to finish in December ; upon the completion of the works a conservation plan for the historic town of Bethlehem that includes bylaws for intervention within the historic town, a management plan for the historic town and a manual for interventions shall be at indorsed by Bethlehem municipality.
In addition, the team of the municipality is involved in the planning process, and is expected to have the full capacity for the handling of the outputs of the project. About us. Special themes. Major programmes. For the Press. Help preserve sites now! Join the , Members. Search Advanced. By Properties. Cultural Criteria: i ii iii iv v vi Natural Criteria: vii viii ix x.
Category Cultural Natural Mixed. All With videos With photo gallery. Country Region Year Name of the property. Without With. Birthplace of Jesus: Church of the Nativity and the Pilgrimage Route, Bethlehem The inscribed property is situated 10 km south of Jerusalem on the site identified by Christian tradition as the birthplace of Jesus since the 2nd century.
Geboorteplaats van Jezus: Geboortekerk en pelgrimsroute, Bethlehem Deze plek ligt 10 kilometer ten zuiden van Jeruzalem op de locatie die door de christelijke traditie als de geboorteplaats van Jezus werd aangewezen sinds de 2e eeuw na Christus. Outstanding Universal Value Brief synthesis Bethlehem lies 10 kilometres south of the city of Jerusalem, in the fertile limestone hill country of the Holy Land.
Integrity The property encompasses the Church of the Nativity and its architectural ensemble, which is composed of the Armenian, Franciscan and Greek Orthodox Convents, as well as an area of terraced land to the east and a short stretch of the Pilgrimage Route.
Authenticity Located on the spot believed to be the Birthplace of Jesus Christ for some years, the Church of the Nativity is one of the most sacred Christian sites in the world since at least the 4 th century AD up to the present.
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