Make time to heal. The best strategies in the world will not speed up the healing process. We said goodbye to our sweet dog Guinness more than 6 months ago. My heart is lighter than it was in the days that followed that painful goodbye, but there are still days when I get teary, or really, really miss him. Take action. When you feel hopeless or helpless, taking action helps. You never have to look very far to find a suffering soul. It is. Share your heart. Call a friend. Share something on your favorite social platform.
To specify clusters with a dominant sadness property, each word within the sadness cluster was analyzed using a one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance ANOVA with emotion four levels: sadness, happiness, anger, fear set as the independent variable. Greenhouse-Geisser correction of degree-of-freedom was also applied, if necessary. In analysis 2, to identify the specific relation between each sadness-pain word specified in analysis 1 and the sadness situations, we conducted multiple-regression analyses for each word, using the congruency score with sadness as the dependent variable y , the congruency scores with the sadness situations as the independent variable x , and sex as the control variable.
In analysis 3, we sought to determine the kinds of pain-related profiles that are linked to the sadness-pain words specified in analysis 2. Hierarchical cluster analysis observed the four main clusters, which corresponded to the classification of the four major emotions Fig 2 ; Table 2 shows the averaged congruency ratings between each emotion and the words in each cluster.
Specifically, the first cluster comprised eight words that had a higher congruency rating for sadness 6. The second cluster comprised 14 words with relatively high congruency ratings for anger. The third cluster comprised three words that had high congruency ratings for both happiness and fear. Finally, the fourth cluster comprised three words that were highly congruent with anger.
The first cluster blue line consisted of the eight words with the highest congruent rating for sadness, which were referred to as sadness-pain words. The second cluster red line consisted of 14 words with relatively high congruency ratings for anger. The third cluster purple line was composed of three words that had high congruency with both happiness and fear. The fourth cluster green line comprised three words that were highly congruent with anger. Post-hoc comparisons indicated that all of these words, except hiri hiri , had significantly stronger congruency with sadness than with the other emotions.
Consequently, the first analysis identified seven sadness-pain words shiku shiku , shikuri shikuri , zuki zuki , gusa gusa , chiku chiku , zukin zukin , and jin jin. Multiple regression analysis for each word predicted the sadness congruency by the congruency for sadness situations and sex as a control variable see Table 3. In summary, the six sadness-pain words were determined to be associated with specific sadness situations. For analysis 3, a hierarchical cluster analysis was first performed for each sadness-pain word in order to group body parts that have similar word-body properties.
Consequently, four words zuki zuki , zukin zukin , chiku chiku , and shikuri shikuri produced five body-part clusters, while the remaining words shiku shiku , jin jin produced four clusters. Situation-congruent ratings for each word were multiple-regressed, using pain profiles as the independent variable [clustered body-part and pain-expressive properties continuity, activation, intensity, acuity ] and sex as the control variable.
Cluster 2 consisted of 25 body parts [head-neck four : nose, mouth, jaw, and neck; trunk four : shoulder, waist, back, and hip; limbs 15 : arm, elbow, hand, leg, wrist, ankle, knee, shin, fingertip, heel, palm, dorsum of hand, sole of foot, dorsum of foot, and tip of toe; others two : bone and muscle] and cluster 4 comprised five parts eyes, tooth, chest, internal organs, and heart Fig 3C.
In each figure, the color-marked body parts are those that were determined in analysis 3 to be significantly associated with situational-dependent sadness-pain words.
A indicates the 18 body parts that were significant predictors for zuki zuki for loneliness, B indicates the two body parts that were significant predictors for zukin zukin for loss, C indicates the 25 body parts blue that were negative predictors and the five parts that were positive predictors for shiku shiku for breakup, and D indicates the four body parts that were significant predictors of chiku chiku for failure.
A red circle signifies a positive predictor, while a blue circle signifies a negative predictor. Cluster 5 consisted of four body parts stomach, heart, abdomen, and chest Fig 3D. The present study aimed to elucidate how psychological foundations support the shared mental representation between sadness and physical pain as a single concept in our long-term memory.
For this, we prepared a verbal experimental paradigm including a three-stage research investigation: the first stage concerned identifying sadness-pain words, the second concerned identifying the relations between these sadness-pain words and specific sadness situations, and the third concerned identifying pain-related characteristics body parts and properties of pain associated with the sadness-pain words.
We determined that some onomatopoeic words represent both sadness and physical pain and are closely related to specific physical and situational properties. First, seven words were identified as being sadness-pain words: shiku shiku , shikuri shikuri , zuki zuki , gusa gusa , chiku chiku , zukin zukin , and jin jin. Then, these sadness-pain words were determined to be selectively related to specific sadness situations; for example, the high level of sadness implied by zukin zukin is related to loss-situations funeral.
Third, the situation-sensitive sadness-pain words were determined to be associated with specific body parts and pain properties, respectively; for example, the high congruency between zukin zukin and loss situations was related to high congruency with specific body parts, such as the chest and heart. Thus, sadness and physical pain can be represented by single verbal concepts based on features related to physical and situational properties.
Exteroception is defined as sensing stimuli that originate from environments outside the body, while interoception is defined as sensing the internal bodily condition [ 43 ]. The interoceptive inference theory [ 44 ] posits that emotional experiences are based on both interoceptive and extroceptive changes in physical conditions. Both sadness and pain possess extroceptive aspects, as they are dependent on the perception of external stimuli in specific environments, and they enable us to execute appropriate responses to such situations [ 4 , 27 , 45 ].
Sadness and physical pain are also fundamentally related to interoception occurring within the body. Sensitivity to subtle changes within the body modulates subjective and emotional experiences, including sadness and pain [ 44 , 46 ], which explains why individuals encountering the same external situations can have differing subjective experiences. The present findings suggest that sadness-pain concepts are represented by memorizing features of not only internal physiological changes, but also information on body parts and the relevant social situations.
In this sense, the body is the essential reference site for integrating interoceptive and extroceptive aspects of emotional experiences, yielding the psychological foundation for sadness-pain concepts.
Representing a psychological state by using a sadness-pain concept is advantageous for describing not only self-emotional states, but also cognitive e. Such integrated aspects of the sadness-pain concept are also supported clinically. Inadequately referring to and appropriately integrating extroceptive and interoceptive information has been found to evoke emotional dysfunction because identifying specific emotional states has adaptive value [ 47 , 48 ].
People with depressive symptoms, for example, change the way in which the self is situated in social situations, showing less sensitivity to situational information in their emotional processing [ 49 ] and a diminished ability to appropriately differentiate emotional experiences [ 47 ].
It can be concluded that topological interaction between the body and mind, and the situation in question is fundamental for constructing emotional concepts that guide us towards taking functional actions in response to the demands of the situation.
Specifically, several such concepts can represent the unique relation between sadness and physical pain profiles. Zuki zuki throbbing, grinding pain is related to loneliness-sadness and represents throbbing pain, which is generally transmitted by group C nerve fibers and is evoked by both tissue and nerve injuries [ 50 ]; consequently, zuki zuki should be applicable for expressing pain in a wide range of body parts.
Accordingly, the present results show highly congruent associations between zuki zuki and numerous body parts; its congruency with loneliness is associated with a congruency with a large cluster of 18 body parts see Fig 3A.
Throbbing pain in specific parts of the body e. However, when people possess higher sensitivity to the congruency between loneliness-related body parts, they can also more appropriately judge congruency with other body parts, because it is likely that they have the ability to detect slight state changes within their bodies.
Additionally, sensitivity to loneliness-sadness is probably important for maintaining a good social life. Social connectedness is crucial for maintaining psychological well-being [ 51 ], and, in order to maintain well-being, people must monitor and recognize loneliness as an alarm signal for social rejection or isolation [ 13 , 52 ]. Therefore, people with high interoception can sensitively recognize the relation between specific pain and certain body parts and use specific pain-related terms to describe loneliness-sadness; this allows them to more easily identify their sadness states and consequently maintain well-being.
On the other hand, the control variable of sex also predicted the congruency rating of loneliness-sadness. Sex-related differences regarding perceiving physical pain have been widely reported; for example, women have been found to possess greater sensitivity to pain stimuli than do men [ 53 ]; women have also been found to show greater stress responses to social rejection, evoking loneliness-sadness, than do men [ 54 ].
Therefore, women may, more sensitively use pain-related words to represent loneliness-sadness than men would. Zukin zukin continuous throbbing pain is another expression for throbbing pain, and is related to loss-situations; specifically, zukin zukin represents incessant throbbing pain. Loss-sadness yields a continuous arousal response [ 16 ] and, when it is prolonged, often leads to depressive symptoms [ 55 ].
The continuous nature of the term provides the psychological basis for the high congruency between zukin zukin and loss-sadness. The congruency for loss-sadness was predicted by two body parts, the chest and heart. Therefore, the present finding regarding zukin zukin also confirms that the chest and heart are associated with awareness of interoception, and referencing them can be considered a symbolic expression reflecting a common belief that emotion is grounded in bodily responses [ 46 ].
The congruency rating of shiku shiku continuous spasms of dull pain for breakup-sadness was predicted by two body clusters: 25 body parts and five body parts see Fig 3C. Shiku shiku represents dull pain, which is predominately transmitted by group C nerve fibers that also transmit blunt pressure [ 50 ] and radiating pain [ 58 , 59 ].
The cluster comprising 25 body parts was a negative predictor, indicating that the use of shiku shiku for breakup-sadness is not applicable for a wide range of body parts. On the other hand, the five body parts eyes, tooth, chest, internal organs, and heart were a positive predictor; people with more sensitive localization of extroceptive stimuli perceived through these body parts are more likely to use shiku shiku to describe breakup-sadness feelings.
Further, among these body parts the chest and heart were found to be related through zukin zukin to loss-sadness, indicating that breakup-sadness shares some properties with loss-sadness.
The congruency between c hiku chiku repeated pricking pain and failure was significantly predicted by four body parts: the stomach, heart, abdomen, and chest Fig 3D.
Such neural-based discrepancy also supports the theory that loss- and failure-sadness possess different features, comprising different subtypes in the major emotional category of sadness [ 3 , 16 ].
It is likely that internal body parts such as the heart or stomach function as fundamental body parts for integrating extroceptive and interoceptive information, as stressful life events can cause stomach aches [ 61 ]. Another predictor of the congruency between chiku chiku and failure-sadness is the intensity of the pain. However, if the pain level becomes intense, interoceptive information is useful. Therefore, people who experience a more intense pricking pain tend to consider chiku chiku to be more applicable to failure-sadness because they can more closely attribute it to their internal states.
The present results have implications for the efficacy of representing mental states in terms of verbal knowledge.
Quantitatively identifying emotional states may be often difficult even for ourselves due to subjective ambiguity and variation. As revealed in the present study, on the other hand, specific physical pain words can represent subtypes of sadness. Affect labeling leads to better psychological outcomes because it facilitates the identification of own feelings accurately, which decrease negative emotions [ 63 ].
Therefore, sensitively verbalizing various types of sadness via physical pain words may contribute to healing sadness. In conclusion, sadness and specific physical pain can be represented as unique emotional word. Each sadness-pain word is selectively related to a specific sadness situation and specific body parts.
We gratefully acknowledge the work of participants. We are grateful to the reviewers for their valuable comments. Be Well Together. Staying Safe in the Water Infographic. Mental Health and Well-being. My Life Check - Life's Simple 7. Quit Vaping, Smoking, Tobacco. Stress Management. They may be more likely to smoke more, not be physically active, sleep too little or too much, drink too much alcohol and fail to take their prescribed medications.
Can depression cause heart disease or heart attack? What can I do to help my stress, anxiety or depression? Tips for dealing with general stress can help you in times of heartbreak, and set up healthy habits for an ongoing, healthy lifestyle.
But getting out and about, spending time with positive and supportive people, eating well and exercise can all help boost your mood and distract you from your upset. Over time, as the stress eases and you begin to calm down and recover, you should expect your bodily systems to gradually return to normal.
Skip links and keyboard navigation Skip to content Skip to site navigation Skip to footer Use tab and cursor keys to move around the page more information. Site header.
0コメント