That figure is most likely inflated. However, it is beyond dispute that millions were involved and directly affected by Garvey and his message. To promote unity, Garvey encouraged African Americans to be concerned with themselves first. He stated after World War One that "[t]he first dying that is to be done by the black man in the future will be done to make himself free.
And then when we are finished, if we have any charity to bestow, we may die for the white man. But as for me, I think I have stopped dying for him.
If you must be free, you must become so through your own effort. But Garvey knew African Americans would not take action if they did not change their perceptions of themselves. He hammered home the idea of racial pride by celebrating the African past and encouraging African Americans to be proud of their heritage and proud of the way they looked.
Garvey proclaimed "black is beautiful" long before it became popular in the s. He wanted African Americans to see themselves as members of a mighty race. Garvey organized his group in a way that made those sentiments visible. He created an African Legion that dressed in military garb, uniformed marching bands, and other auxiliary groups such as the Black Cross Nurses. Marcus Garvey with Potentate Gabriel M. Johnson of Liberia, Supreme Deputy G. While racial pride and unity played important roles in Garvey's black nationalism, he touted capitalism as the tool that would establish African Americans as an independent group.
His message has been called the evangel of black success, for he believed economic success was the quickest and most effective way to independence. Interestingly enough, it was white America that served as a prime example of what blacks could accomplish. He wanted to produce everything that a nation needed so that African Americans could completely rely on their own efforts.
At one point the corporation operated three grocery stores, two restaurants, a printing plant, a steam laundry, and owned several buildings and trucks in New York City alone. His most famous economic venture was a shipping company known as the Black Star Line, a counterpart to a white-owned company called the White Star Line.
Garvey started the shipping company in as a way to promote trade but also to transport passengers to Africa. He believed it could also serve as an important and tangible sign of black success. However the shipping company eventually failed due to expensive repairs, mismanagement, and corruption. With all his talk of a mighty race that would one day rule Africa, it would have been foolish for Garvey to underestimate the power of religion, particularly Christianity, within the African-American community.
The churches served as the only arena in which African Americans exercised full control. Not only did they serve as houses of worship but also as meeting places that dealt with social, economic, and political issues. Pastors were the most powerful people in the community for they influenced and controlled the community's most important institution.
Garvey knew the important place religion held, and he worked hard to recruit pastors into his organization. He enjoyed tremendous success at winning over leaders from almost every denomination.
Garvey, however, did not want the organization to take on the trappings of one particular denomination, for he did not want to offend any of its members. A typical meeting followed this order:. Garvey's black nationalism blended with his Christian outlook rather dramatically when he claimed that African Americans should view God "through our own spectacles. Garvey was not interested in promoting hope in the afterlife.
Success in this life was the key. Achieving economic, cultural, social, and political success would free African Americans in this life. The afterlife would take care of itself. It was during this time that he started the Universal Negro Improvement Association. Garvey also began corresponding with Booker T.
Washington , the African American leader, author and activist who had been born into slavery. In , Garvey boarded a ship bound for the United States, where—as a dramatic and invigorating public speaker—he intended to go on a lecture tour. He ended up settling in New York City , where he first spoke at the famous St. He also took on work in a print shop to make ends meet. And then when we are finished, if we have any charity to bestow, we may die for the white man.
But as for me, I think I have stopped dying for him. If you must be free, you must become so through your own effort … Until you produce what the white man has produced you will not be his equal.
Garvey established the first U. Soon, his speaking engagements took on an angry tone, in which he questioned how the United States could call itself a democracy when across the country people of color were still oppressed. By , he and his associates set up the shipping company Black Star Line under the auspices of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, which by then had grown to include more than four million members.
Not long after the Black Star Line had purchased its first ship, the S. Yarmouth , and rechristened it the S. Garvey was married twice: His first marriage to Amy Ashwood, who was a fellow activist in the Universal Negro Improvement Association, ended in divorce in Later that year, Garvey married Amy Jacques, who was also active in social causes.
Because of his outspoken activism and Black nationalism, Garvey became a target of J. The BOI began investigating Garvey on charges of mail fraud in connection with a brochure for the Black Star Line that included a photo of a ship before the company actually had a vessel in its fleet. In , after a controversial trial, Garvey was found guilty of these charges and sentenced to a maximum of five years in prison.
He blamed a Jewish judge and Jewish jurors for his conviction, saying that they sought retribution against him after he had agreed to meet with the Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan K. Garvey believed he and the K. He began serving his sentence at Atlanta Prison in In life I shall be the same; in death I shall be a terror to the foes of Negro liberty. If death has power, then count on me in death to be the real Marcus Garvey I would like to be.
If I may come in an earthquake, or a cyclone, or plague, or pestilence, or as God would have me, then be assured that I shall never desert you and make your enemies triumph over you. When he was released from prison in after serving three years of his sentence, Garvey travelled to Geneva, Switzerland, to speak to the League of Nations on issues of race and the worldwide abuse of people of color.
In a prison cell, he felt he was in control and had others worrying about him What parallels are there between what Peter wanted for Cole and what has happened to him? Cole has experienced this with the attack by Spirit Bear. Do you feel bad for what has happened to Cole? Chapter 9 1.
Even if nobody cares about Cole, why should he care about himself? It is knocked over by a lightning strike Why do you think Cole calls out to see if the baby sparrows are okay? Chapter 10 1. Cole notices that the baby sparrows tried to do something before their death. What was it? How does Cole relate this to his experience growing up? They tried to return home to their nest. Cole feels envy because, unlike the sparrows, he never really had a place he felt was a home as a child Cole begins to think about the circle of life.
What is this circle, according to Cole, and how does he feel about his role in it? Like the tree, Cole thinks that one lives, dies, and then rots, and out of that rotting new life sprouts. Cole starts to question how the world benefited from his life What does Cole catch to eat at the end of this chapter? He catches a mouse Chapter 11 1.
In this chapter, what are some of the things Cole does to survive? He eats a mouse, chunks of fish from his own vomit, and more worms. Cole also places mud over his skin to keep the mosquitoes from biting and to soothe his skin, and uses the muddy hole to pool water to drink 2. Spirit Bear appears near Cole at the end of this chapter. What do you think will happen to Cole? Chapter 12 1. When Spirit Bear comes back, why do you think Cole chooses not to spit on him, but instead touch him?
How does Cole feel about death? He has accepted it, is happy to have seen beauty in nature, and feels that he had trusted and been trusted in his last encounter with Spirit Bear What was the buzzing sound Cole heard? The sound was the motor of the boat containing Edwin and Garvey.
Was it really the seagulls grabbing at Cole and trying to lift him up? No, it was Edwin and Garvey. What do Edwin and Garvey do with Cole? Chapter 13 1. When Rosey asks for a blanket, Garvey wants to hand him the at.
Why is it significant that Cole reaches out and grabs it? For Cole, the blanket has a special significance. It also kept him warm after his failed escape attempt from the island. It shows that Cole is accepting responsibility and not blaming others.
Garvey tells Cole that he will still be facing jail time when he recovers. Considering what he went through, do you think this is fair? Why does Cole throw out the hair he pulled from Spirit Bear?
Would you have done the same? He feels that he always had to prove himself when he was lying, and from now on he wants his word to be proof enough Edwin says that Cole will be okay if he ever finds a reason to live. Do you think Cole has found his reason to live? Chapter 14 1. He denied the accusations and quickly paid his bail. Describe the changes and consider why you think she has changed. She has also quit drinking and started dressing more casually, and apologizes to Cole for all the abuse that he went through and not having tried hard enough to stop it How is this also a circle?
In this case, the cycle of abuse goes from one generation to the next. Cole, in turn, beat Peter and it is not unreasonable to assume that Cole would have behaved the same way to his future children. When Cole returns to the Circle, there are two people missing. Who are they? Why do you think they are not there?
Chapter 15 1. How is Peter recovering from the injuries caused by Cole? Peter is experiencing slurred speech and poor coordination Edwin points to a line in the flooring and says it represents a bad path in life that he wants Cole to move away from, and there are two ways to get him away from it.
The first way demonstrated was Cole and Edwin pushing at each other while they walked the line. Cole did not get far. The second way was for Edwin to suddenly push Cole away with both hands. Edwin then says there are two ways for people to change — slow and persistent pressure or a single, traumatic experience.
He cites the fact that Cole did not come out swinging when Edwin pushed him over as evidence that he is headed in the right direction What does this prove? On a fishing expedition, Bernie and others on a boat saw a white bear It would appear to prove that Cole was telling the truth. Why do you think the lawyer acts in this manner? The Keeper says that they have no way of knowing if Cole is over his anger.
What is his response? He agrees that he is not over his anger, but is a stronger person because he can ask for help and tell the truth Would you have made the same decision? That he has been allowed to go back to the island Chapter 16 1. Cole has had to sell all of his personal belongings, such as his dirt bike, snowmobile, bicycle, skis, and helmet He says this because Cole must now prove his commitment.
What are some of the first tasks Cole has to complete? Starting a fire, setting up the tent, fixing dinner, and building his shelter with the supplies brought to the island Cole briefly considers the possibility of taking the skiff and returning to the mainland. However, even if he had tried, Edwin had removed the spark plugs from the engine, so it would not have worked. What does this incident tell us about Cole, Edwin, and Garvey? Chapter 17 1. Cole thinks about Peter when he cannot sleep.
What are his thoughts? How are these thoughts different from his earlier feelings about Peter? Cole hopes that Peter will be okay which differs from his previous hatred of Peter for reporting him. Edwin uses a stick to demonstrate a point to Cole. What is this point? Edwin tells Cole that the right end of the stick is his happiness, and the left end is his anger. He asks Cole to break off the left end, but the stick will always have a left end, no matter how many times it is broken.
The key is to focus on the happiness side, and happiness will become a habit What does Cole begin building in this chapter? Why must it be of such high quality, and why do Edwin and Garvey not help him with the labour? Cole begins building his shelter , which must be built tightly to keep out the weather and the mice Cole must build it himself because this time it is his responsibility and if he again destroys it, he will only be hurting himself Two instances are when he refuses to wear the gloves while building the cabin and when he refuses to admit that he should have eaten more for breakfast Cole is upset that Edwin and Garvey are not helping with anything.
By doing nothing, are they helping Cole?
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