Select personalised content. Create a personalised content profile. Measure ad performance. Select basic ads. Create a personalised ads profile. Select personalised ads. Apply market research to generate audience insights. Measure content performance. Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. Cytotoxic refers to a substance or process which results in cell damage or cell death.
The prefix "cyto" refers to cell and "toxic" to poison. The term is often used to describe chemotherapy drugs that kill cancer cells, but it may also be used to describe toxins, such as venom. Within our own immune systems, we have cells that are considered cytotoxic, such as the T cells that kill bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells.
Cytotoxicity testing is important in ensuring safety ranging from environmental exposures to medical devices. Most of the time the term "cytotoxic" refers to the effect that a chemotherapy drug has on cancer cells.
In this sense, a cytotoxic agent may be differentiated from one that is cytostatic. A cytostatic medication would, in contrast, inhibit cell division and growth but would not result in cell death directly. Cytotoxic drugs work by interrupting cells at particular places in the growth cycle. The reason that most chemotherapy regimens include a combination of drugs combination chemotherapy , and that most chemotherapy cycles are repeated, is because cells are in various places in the division process.
Not all drugs used to treat cancer are cytotoxic. Chemotherapy drugs are designed to kill all rapidly growing cells, including normal cells in the body that divide rapidly.
Some of the newer types of cancer drugs, such as targeted therapies and immunotherapies, are not considered cytotoxic. These drugs work either to interfere with a particular pathway in the growth of cancer cells, or to stimulate or use the immune system in some way to fight cancer. They are used in the treatment of bladder cancer , breast cancer , and many other types of cancer. Despite the effectiveness of these powerful drugs, they carry some potentially serious side effects, including heart problems and the death of healthy tissue near the tumors.
Older adults and people receiving high doses of anthracyclines are most at risk. As a result, the DNA cannot make copies of itself, and the cells can no longer reproduce. Antimetabolite drugs are among the most widely used chemotherapy agents.
Side effects vary considerably from one antimetabolite agent to another. Some are accompanied by the typical side effects, such as:. Methotrexate Trexall , however, carries more serious risks, including complications involving the lungs, liver, and intestines.
Vinca alkaloids are made from the Madagascar periwinkle plant. They are the second most-used class of cancer drugs, often used in combination with other medications, according to a report in the International Journal of Preventive Medicine. These agents work by interfering with the microtubules the parts of a cell that move chromosomes along when cells divide.
In , the Food and Drug Administration FDA issued new labeling requirements for vinca alkaloids, requiring that they be administered using intravenous infusion bags and not syringes. Reports of severe neurological injuries and death caused by spinal injections of these drugs prompted the change. Photodynamic therapy involves the ingestion of a photosensitizer drug, which is absorbed by cancer cells within a few days. When exposed to a special light, the photosensitizer produces a form of oxygen capable of destroying cancer cells.
This therapy is often used to treat skin cancers , including basal cell skin cancer and squamous cell skin cancer. Photodynamic therapy can often relieve symptoms of esophageal cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. When tumors are in the throat or airways, including the lungs, a doctor will use an endoscope with a light. They work by changing the DNA inside cancer cells to keep them from growing and multiplying.
Anthracyclines: Anthracyclines are anti-tumor antibiotics that interfere with enzymes involved in copying DNA during the cell cycle. They bind with DNA so it cannot make copies of itself, and a cell cannot reproduce.
Enzymes are proteins that start, help, or speed up the rate of chemical reactions in cells. They are widely used for a variety of cancers. A major concern when giving these drugs is that they can permanently damage the heart if given in high doses. For this reason, lifetime dose limits also called cumulative dose are often placed on these drugs.
These drugs are also called plant alkaloids. They interfere with enzymes called topoisomerases , which help separate the strands of DNA so they can be copied. Enzymes are proteins that cause chemical reactions in living cells. Topoisomerase inhibitors are used to treat certain leukemias, as well as lung, ovarian, gastrointestinal, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers.
Mitotic inhibitors are also called plant alkaloids. They are compounds derived from natural products, such as plants. They work by stopping cells from dividing to form new cells, but can damage cells in all phases by keeping enzymes from making proteins needed for cell reproduction.
They are used to treat many different types of cancer including breast, lung, myelomas, lymphomas, and leukemias. These drugs may cause nerve damage , which can limit the amount that can be given.
Corticosteroids, often simply called steroids , are natural hormones and hormone-like drugs that are useful in the treatment of many types of cancer, as well as other illnesses. Jpn J Clin Oncol ; 39 : — PubMed Google Scholar. Classification of chemotherapeutic agents based on their differential in vitro effects on dendritic cells.
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